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Emmanuel Constant
Emmanuel Constant (nicknamed "Toto", born on October 27, 1956) is the founder of FRAPH, a Haitian death squad that terrorised supporters of exiled president Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
In 2001, a Haitian court convicted him ''in absentia'' and sentenced him to life in prison for his role in the Raboteau Massacre.〔 In 2008, he was convicted of mortgage fraud and sentenced to 12–37 years in prison.〔 He is currently incarcerated in a maximum security prison in New York.〔NYS Department of Correctional Services (Inmate Information ). As of February 3, 2011, Constant was in custody at the Coxsackie Correctional Facility.〕
== 1991–1994 ==
In mid-1993, two years after the 1991 Haitian coup d'état, Constant set up a Haitian death squad known as the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti (FRAPH) to terrorize supporters of exiled president Jean-Bertrand Aristide.〔David Grann, ''The Atlantic Monthly'', July 2001, (Giving "The Devil" His Due ).〕 A CIA source implicated Constant in the 1993 assassination of Justice Minister Guy Malary, although the agency said the source was "untested".〔Tim Weiner, ''New York Times'', 13 October 1996, ('93 Report By C.I.A. Tied Haiti Agent To Slaying ).〕
Constant was paid by the CIA from 1992 to 1994, as were several leading members of the military junta. He provided information to the agency for about $500 a month, according to United States officials and Mr. Constant himself.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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